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1 rubber phase
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > rubber phase
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2 rubber phase
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3 rubber phase
Техника: каучуковая фаза, эластичная фаза -
4 phase
1) фаза4) эл. фазовый угол5) фазировать•in phase — (находящийся) в фазе, совпадающий по фазе, синфазный;out of phase — (находящийся) не в фазе, не совпадающий по фазе, несинфазный;to bring in phase — согласовывать по фазе; фазировать;to phase in — 1. включать синфазно 2. вводить в эксплуатацию 3. внедрять в производство;to phase out — 1. включать противофазно 2. снимать с эксплуатации 3. снимать с производства-
dead phase
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wild phase
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acceptance phase
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acid phase
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allocation phase
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alloy phase
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approach phase
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aqueous phase
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assemble phase
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balanced phase
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blowdown phase
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boundary phase
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bundled phase
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burst phase
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canted phase
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carbide phase
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carrier phase
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chroma phase
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clock phase
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code phase
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compile phase
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continuous phase
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cooling phase
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crystalline phase
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crystal phase
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crystallization phase
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cubic phase
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design phase
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detrimental phase
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differential phase
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discontinuous phase
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disordered phase
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dispersed phase
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double support phase
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entrained phase
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envelope phase
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execute phase
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external phase
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faulted phase
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fault-free phase
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faulty phase
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feeding phase
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gaseous phase
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gas phase
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glacial phase
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glass phase
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glassy phase
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hard phase
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healthy phase
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heating phase
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ice phase
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implementation phase
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initial phase
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installation and checkout phase
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instantaneous phase
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interfacial phase
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intermediate phase
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internal phase
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lag phase
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lagging phase
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leading phase
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liquid droplet phase
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liquid phase
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locking phase
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low-temperature phase
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mid-log phase
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nematic phase
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nitride phase
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object phase
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onset phase of monsoon
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operation and maintenance phase
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operation phase
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opposite phase
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oscillation phase
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parent phase
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phase of state
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polar phase
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polishing cation phase
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polydisperse phase
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precession phase
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precipitating phase
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preproduction phase
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pure phase
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quantum phase
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reference phase
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refractory phase
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retarding phase
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reversed phase
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rubber phase
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run phase
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sampling phase
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second phase
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smectic phase
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solid phase
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solvent phase
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sound phase
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split phase
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starting phase
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stationary phase
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superconducting phase
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sweep phase
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takeoff phase
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target phase
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third phase
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triclinic phase
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trigonal phase
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troubleshooting phase
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unfaulted phase
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unwrapped phase
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vapor phase
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vegetative phase
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vitreous phase
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wave phase
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wave-function phase
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white phase -
5 phase
1. фаза2. период3. стадия4. фазовыйalloy phase — фаза в сплаве
beta phase — бета-фаза
crystalline phase — кристаллическая фаза
crystallization phase — фаза кристаллизации
dispersed phase — дисперсная [диспергированная] фаза
disperse solid phase — твёрдая дисперсная фаза
embrittling phase — охрупчивающая фаза
gamma phase — гамма-фаза
gamma prime phase — гамма прим-фаза
gaseous phase — газовая [газообразная] фаза
hard phase — твёрдая фаза
heterovalent phase — гетеровалентная фаза
intermediate phase — промежуточная фаза ( в сплаве)
interstitial phase — промежуточная фаза ( в сплаве)
internal phase — фаза внутри сплава
Laves phase — фаза Лавеса
liquid phase — жидкая фаза
matrix phase — матричная фаза
melt phase — фаза расплава
metastable phase — метастабильная фаза
microcrystalline phase — микрокристаллическая фаза
molten matrix phase — расплав матричной фазы
noncrystalline phase — некристаллическая фаза
oxide phase — окисная фаза
precipitation phase — фаза осаждения
proeutectic phase — избыточная фаза эвтектического состава
reinforcing phase — упрочняющая фаза
rubber phase — каучуковая фаза
sigma phase — сигма-фаза
solid phase — твёрдая фаза
stable phase — устойчивая фаза
transient phase — переходная фаза
vapor phase — паровая [газовая] фаза
English-Russian dictionary of aviation and space materials > phase
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6 каучуковая фаза
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > каучуковая фаза
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7 эластичная фаза
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > эластичная фаза
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8 каучуковая фаза
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > каучуковая фаза
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9 insulation
1) изоляция•insulation against loss of heat — изоляция от теплопотерь, теплоизоляция;-
acoustic insulation
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adsorbent insulation
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air insulation
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all-film impregnated insulation
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arc-resistant insulation
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asbestos insulation
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asphalt impregnated mica insulation
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banding insulation
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basic insulation
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batt insulation
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beaded insulation
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bead insulation
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belt insulation
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bitumen insulation
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blanket insulation
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block insulation
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brick insulation
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building insulation
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built-up insulation
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butyl rubber insulation
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cable insulation
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cable-core insulation
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cambric insulation
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capacitor insulation
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car insulation
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cast insulation
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ceramic fiber insulation
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ceramic insulation
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class A insulation
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class B insulation
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class C insulation
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class O insulation
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coil insulation
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commutator segment insulation
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commutator shell insulation
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composite insulation
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compressed-SF6 insulation
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connection insulation
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cotton insulation
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cross-linked polyethylene insulation
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crown insulation
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electrical insulation
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electrodeposited mica insulation
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enamel insulation
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epoxy micaceous insulation
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epoxy-air suspension insulation
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ethylene propylene rubber insulation
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external insulation
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fiber insulation
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fiber-glass insulation
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fibrous insulation
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fibrous-glass insulation
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field insulation
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field spool insulation
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fill insulation
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film insulation
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fireclay insulation
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fire-resistant insulation
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fish-paper insulation
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flexible insulation
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fluoroplastic insulation
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foam thermal insulation
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foamed-in-place insulation
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frame insulation
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full insulation
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fully impregnated insulation
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gaseous insulation
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glass backed mica paper insulation
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glass fiber insulation
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glass insulation
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granular-fill insulation
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groundwall insulation
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ground insulation
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gypsum insulation
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hard paper insulation
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heat insulation
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heat-shrinkage insulation
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hexafluorated sulfur insulation
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high-temperature insulation
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high-voltage insulation
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hi-seal epoxy insulation
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hot-face insulation
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impregnated insulation
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impregnated-paper insulation
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indoor external insulation
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internal insulation
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interphase insulation
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interturn insulation
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laminar insulation
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laminated bakelite insulation
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lamination insulation
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layer insulation
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lightweight insulation
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line insulation
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liquid insulation
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loose-fill insulation
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loose insulation
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low-voltage insulation
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magnetic insulation
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main insulation
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mass-impregnated and drained insulation
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mass-impregnated paper insulation
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mica insulation
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mica-resin groundwall insulation
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mineral insulation
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mineral wool insulation
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minor insulation
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molded insulation
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multilayer insulation
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noise insulation
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nonself-restoring insulation
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oil insulation
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oil-barrier insulation
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oil-paper insulation
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organic insulation
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outdoor external insulation
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oxide insulation
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paper insulation
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paper-oil insulation
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phase coil insulation
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phase insulation
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phase-to-earth insulation
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phase-to-phase insulation
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plastic insulation
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pole insulation
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polyethylene insulation
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polypropylene film-liquid insulation
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polyvinylchloride insulation
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post-cured insulation
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pour-in-place insulation
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pressboard insulation
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primary insulation
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rail joint insulation
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reduced insulation
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refractory insulation
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rigid insulation
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rigid thermal insulation
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roof insulation
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rubber insulation
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sandwich-type insulation
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sectional insulation
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self-restoring insulation
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SF6 gas insulation
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silicone elastomer insulation
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silicone insulation
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silk insulation
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slot insulation
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solid insulation
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sound insulation
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subhearth insulation
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synthetic insulation
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thermal insulation
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thermoplastic insulation
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thermosetting insulation
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thinned insulation
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total insulation
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track insulation
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turn-to-turn insulation
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turn insulation
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uniform insulation
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up-shaft insulation
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varnish insulation
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varnished-cambric insulation
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vibration insulation
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vitreous insulation
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waxed cotton insulation
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winding insulation
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wire insulation -
10 material
1. материал3. тканьablating material — абляционный материал
ablative material — абляционный материал
ablative coating material — абляционный материал покрытия
ablative cooling material — абляционный теплозащитный материал
ablative heat shield material — абляционный материал для теплозащитного экрана
ablative-insulative material — абляционный изоляционный материал
ablative liner material — абляционный облицовочный материал
ablative plastic composite material — абляционный материал из композиционного пластика
absorbing material — поглощающий материал, поглотитель
acidproof material — кислотоупорный материал
acid-resistant material — кислотостойкий материал
acoustic material — звукоизолирующий материал
advanced composite material — перспективный композиционный материал
aerospace material — материал для авиационно-космической техники, авиационно-космический материал
aircraft material — авиационный материал
aircraft interior material — материал для внутренней отделки самолёта
aluminum-boron composite material — композиционный материал на основе алюминия и бора
anisotropic material — анизотропный материал
antenna material — материал для антенн
anticorrosive material — антикоррозионный материал
antiferroelectric material — антисегнетоэлектрик
antifriction heat-conducting material — антифрикционный теплопроводящий материал
armor material — бронематериал, броня
asbestos-reinforced material — материал, армированный асбестом
aviation heat-insulating material — авиационный теплоизоляционный материал
backing material — материал подложки
ballistic re-entry heat shield material — теплозащитный материал при баллистическом входе в плотную атмосферу
barrier material — барьерный [защитный, изолирующий] материал
benzine-resistant material — бензиностойкий материал
binding material — связующий [вяжущий, цементирующий] материал
biocompatible material — биологически совместимый материал
bladder material — материал для эластичных мешков ( используемых для подачи хранимых топлив)
blading material — материал для лопаток, лопаточный материал
bonding material — связывающий материал
boron-aluminum composite material — бороалюминиевый композиционный материал
boron-filament-reinforced aluminum matrix material — композиционный материал на основе алюминиевой матрицы, армированной борволокном
boron-polyimide material — борополиимидный материал, полиимидный боропластик
borsic-aluminum material — композиционный материал на основе алюминия, армированного волокном борсика
brass seal material — латунь для уплотнений
brazing filler material — присадочный материал для пайки
bronze-graphite material — бронзографитовый материал
bumper material — демпфирующий [амортизационный] материал
carbon-fiber-based honeycomb material — сотовый материал, покрытый углеродным волокном
carbon-graphite material — углеродно-графитовый материал
cellular material — ячеистый [пористый] материал
ceramic material — керамический материал
ceramic heat-resisting material — керамический теплостойкий материал
ceramic radome material — керамический материал для антенных обтекателей
cermet material — металлокерамический материал, металлокерамика
char-forming material — коксующийся [обугливающийся] материал
charring material — обугливающийся [коксующийся] материал
chemically resistant material — химически инертный материал
chemical vapor-deposited material — материал, полученный химическим газофазным осаждением
chemiluminescent material — хемилюминесцентный материал
cladded material — плакированный материал
cladding material — 1) плакирующий материал 2) оболочковый материал
coating material — материал для покрытий
cohesive material — вяжущий материал [вещество]
combustible material — горючий материал
compatible construction material — совместимый конструкционный материал
compatible matrix material — совместимый матричный [связующий] материал
complex material — 1) комплексный [сложный] материал 2) композиционный материал
composite material — композиционный материал, композиция
composite plastic material — композиционный пластмассовый материал
composite self-lubricating bearing material — композиционный самосмазывающийся подшипниковый материал
conducting material — проводящий материал, проводник
constructional material — конструкционный материал
container material — материал для ёмкостей
control material — материал для регулирующих стержней ( ядерных реакторов)
coolant material — охлаждающий материал, охладитель
core material — 1) материал для заполнителей 2) материал активной зоны ( ядерного реактора)
corrosion-resistant material — коррозионностойкий материал
corrugated material — гофрированный материал
corrugated sandwich material — слоистый материал с гофрированным заполнителем
corrugated truss material — гофрированный ферменный материал, гофрированный материал фермы
critical material — дефицитный материал
cryogenic material — материал для криогенных температур, криогенный [низкотемпературный] материал
cryopanel material — панельный материал для криогенных температур
damping material — 1) вибропоглощающий материал 2) звукопоглощающий материал 3) демпфирующая среда
diamagnetic material — диамагнитное вещество, диамагнетик
dielectric material — диэлектрический материал
diffusion-coated material — материал с диффузионным покрытием
difunctional material — двухфункциональный материал
dimensional stable material — размерно-устойчивый материал
disc material — материал для дисков
disordered material — разупорядоченный материал
dispersed-particle cermet material — металлокерамический материал с диспергированными частицами
dispersed-particle-tungsten-copper composite material — композиционный материал на основе меди, упрочнённый дисперсными частицами вольфрама
dispersion-hardened material — дисперсионно-упрочнённый материал
dispersion-strengthened material — дисперсно-упрочнённый материал
display material — индикаторный материал
doubly refracting material — двоякопреломляющее вещество [материал, среда]
ductile material — пластичный материал
elastic-plastic material — упруго-пластичный материал
elastomer sponge material — материал для эластомерной губки
electrical contact material — электроконтактный материал
electrical insulation material — электроизоляционный материал
electromagnetic-wave absorbing material — материал, поглощающий электромагнитные волны
electrooptic material — электрооптический материал
emission material — эмиссионный материал, вещество активного эмиссионного покрытия
emitting material — эмиттирующее вещество
encapsulating material — герметизирующий материал
energy-absorbing material — материал, поглощающий энергию; энергопоглощающий материал
epitaxial material — эпитаксиальный материал
erosion-resistant material — эрозионно-стойкий материал
eutectic material — эвтектический матетериал
exotic material — необычный [жаропрочный] материал (с температурой плавления выше 1650°C)
facing material — облицовочный материал, материал для обшивки
ferrimagnetic material — ферримагнитный материал, ферримагнетик
ferrite material — ферритовый [ферритный] материал, феррит
ferroelectric material — сегнетоэлектрический материал, сегнетоэлектрик
ferromagnetic material — ферромагнитный материал, ферромагнетик
ferrous material — чёрный металл
fiber material — 1) волокнистый материал 2) волокно
fiber carbonaceous material — материал из карбонизованного волокна
fiber composite material — волокнистый композиционный материал
fiber-filled molding material — 1) материал с волокнистым наполнителем 2) волокнит
fiber-glass-epoxy honeycomb material — сотовый материал из эпоксидного стеклопластика
fiber-glass-reinforced material — материал, армированный стекловолокном
fiber-reinforced material — 1) материал, армированный волокном 2) волокнит
fiber-strengthened material — 1) материал, упрочнённый волокном 2) волокнит
fibrous material — 1) волокнистый материал 2) волокнит
fibrous composite material — волокнистый композиционный материал
fibrous structure material — 1) материал с волокнистой структурой 2) волокнит
filamentary composite material — волокнистый композиционный материал
filamenting material — 1) волокнистый материал 2) волокнит
filamentous material — 1) волокнистый материал 2) волокнит
filament-reinforced material — 1) материал, армированный волокном 2) волокнит
filament-reinforced composite material — композиционный материал, армированный волокном
filament-wound material — материал, изготовленный [полученный] намоткой нити [волокна]
filled elastomeric ablation material — абляционный материал с эластомерным наполнителем
filler material — присадочный материал
filling material — наполнитель, заполняющее вещество
film material — плёночный материал
film-forming material — плёнкообразующий материал
fine-particle ceramic material — мелкозернистый керамический материал
fissible material — 1) расщепляющийся материал, делящееся вещество 2) ядерное горючее
fissionable material — 1) расщепляющийся материал, делящееся вещество 2) ядерное горючее
fluorescent material — флуоресцирующее [люминесцентное] вещество
fluorescent penetrant material — люминесцентное проникающее вещество
fluorine-bearing material — фторсодержащий материал
fluorine-containing material — фторсодержащий материал
fluted-core sandwich material — слоистый материал с рифлёным заполнителем
foamed material — пеноматериал
gasketing material — уплотнительный [прокладочный] материал
gas turbine material — материал для газовых турбин
getter material — газопоглощающий материал, геттер, газопоглотитель
glass-ceramic material — стеклокерамика, стеклокерамический материал
glass electromagnetic window material — электромагнитный материал для окон ( антенных обтекателей)
glass-fiber material — стекловолокнистый материал, стекловолокно
glass fibrous material — стекловолокнистый материал, стекловолокно
glass-filament-wound material — материал, полученный намоткой стекловолокна
glass-plastic honeycomb material — сотовый стеклопластик
glass-reinforced honeycomb material — сотовый материал, армированный стеклом
glass-sphere-containing material — материал с наполнителем из стеклосфер
glass-to-metal sealing material — материал для соединения [запайки] стекла с металлом
graphite material — 1) графитовый материал, графит 2) графитовая ткань
graphite composite material — графитовый композиционный материал
graphite fabric material — графитовая ткань
graphite polyimide material — полиимидный графитопласт
half-finished material — 1) полуфабрикат 2) заготовка
hard-magnetic material — магнитожёсткий [магнитотвёрдый] материал
heat-absorbing material — теплопоглощающий материал
heat-barrier material — теплозащитный материал
heat-conducting material — теплопроводный материал
heat-insulating material — теплоизоляционный материал
heat-protective material — теплозащитный материал
heat-reflecting material — теплоотражающий материал
heat-resistant material — теплостойкий материал
heat-sensitive material — теплочувствительный материал
heat-shielding material — теплозащитный материал
heat-sink material — теплопоглощающий материал, теплопоглотитель
heat-transfer material — теплопередающий материал
high-alumina core material — материал для заполнителей с высоким содержанием окиси алюминия
high-capture material — материал, сильно поглощающий нейтроны
high-emittance material — материал с высокой лучеиспускательной способностью
high-impact resistant material — материал с высокой ударопрочностью
highly alloyed material — высоколегированный материал
high-modulus material — высокомодульный материал, материал с высоким модулем упругости
high-performance material — материал с высокими характеристиками
high-polymeric material — высокополимерный материал
high-purity material — материал высокой чистоты
high-stiffness material — материал с высокой жёсткостью
high-strength material — высокопрочный материал
high-temperature material — высокотемпературный [жаропрочный] материал, материал для высоких температур
high-temperature alloy engine material — материал из жаропрочных сплавов для двигателей
high-thermal conductivity polymeric material — полимерный материал с высокой теплопроводностью
honeycomb composite material — сотовый композиционный материал
honeycomb core material — 1) материал для сотовых заполнителей 2) ячеистый [сотовый] материал
honeycomb-reinforced insulation material — армированный сотовый изоляционный материал
honeycomb sandwich material — слоистый материал с сотовым заполнителем
hot-pressed material — горячепрессованный материал
hyperthermal material — высокотемпературный [жаропрочный] материал
impact material — ударопрочный материал
impregnated-resin reinforcing material — армирующий материал, пропитанный смолой
incombustible material — негорючий материал
incompatible material — несовместимый материал
infrared emissive material — материал с инфракрасным излучением
inhibiting material — 1) бронирующий материал, бронематериал 2) вещество, задерживающее химическую реакцию 3) антикоррозионное вещество
inorganic material — неорганический материал
insulating material — изоляционный [изолирующий] материал
insulation material — изоляционный [изолирующий] материал
iron-graphite cermet material — железо-графитовый металлокерамический материал
irradiated material — облучённый материал
jet-engine material — материал для реактивных двигателей
jointing material — уплотнительный материал
kerosine-resistant material — керосино-стойкий материал
laminated material — 1) слоистый материал 2) слоистый пластик
laminating material — 1) слоистый материал 2) слоистый пластик
laser material — материал для лазеров [оптических квантовых генераторов]
lifting re-entry heat-shield material — теплозащитный материал для аппаратов с аэродинамическим входом в плотную атмосферу
lightweight armor material — лёгкий бронематериал
linear viscoelastic material — материал с линейной вязкоупругостью
liner material — облицовочный материал
lining material — облицовочный материал
load-carrying material — материал для силовых конструкций
low-capture material — слабо поглощающий ( нейтроны) материал
low-coercivity material — магнитомягкий материал
low-density ablation material — абляционный материал низкой плотности
low-modulus material — низкомодульный материал, материал с низким модулем упругости
low-temperature material — низкотемпературный материал, материал для низких температур
luminescent material — люминесцентное [люминесцирующее] вещество, люминофор
lunar material — лунный материал [порода, грунт]
machinable material — механически обрабатываемый материал
magnetic material — магнитный материал, магнетик
magnetostrictive material — магнитострикционный материал
man-made material — синтетический материал
matrix material — матричный [связующий] материал
memory material — материал для запоминающих устройств
metal-graphite bearing material — металлографитовый подшипниковый материал
metal-matrix composite material — композиционный материал с металлической матрицей
mica-ceramic material — слюдокерамический [миканито-керамический] материал
microelectronic material — материал для микроэлектронной техники
mineral wool insulation material — изоляционный материал из минеральной ваты
mirror material — зеркальный материал, материал для отражателей
missile material — ракетный материал, материал для ракет
moderating material — замедляющий материал, материал для замедлителей
moderator material — материал для замедлителей, замедляющий материал
moisture seal gasket material — материал для влагозащитных уплотнительных прокладок
molding material — 1) формовочный материал 2) пресс-масса
moon material — лунный материал [порода, грунт]
multicornponent material — многокомпонентный [композиционный] материал
multifunctional material — материал с многофункциональными свойствами
multiphase material — многофазный материал
neutron-absorbing material — вещество, поглощающее нейтроны
neutron-blocking material — материал, блокирующий нейтроны
neutron-gamma shielding material — материал, защищающий от гамма-лучей
noncharring material — необугливающийся [некоксующийся] материал
noncombustible material — негорючий материал
nonconducting material — 1) непроводящий материал 2) непроводящее вещество
nonlinear optical material — материал для нелинейной оптики
nonmetallic material — неметаллический материал
nonporous material — непористый материал
nonstructural material — неконструкционный материал
nose-cone material — материал для головных частей ( ракет)
nose-tip material — материал для головных частей ( ракет)
nozzle material — материал для сопел
nozzle-insert material — материал для сопловых вкладышей
nuclear reactor material — материал для ядерных реакторов
nuclear rocket material — материал для ядерных ракетных двигателей
nuclear shielding material — защитный [экранирующий] материал от ядерного [атомного] излучения
oil-resistant material — маслостойкий материал
optical material — оптический материал
ordered material — упорядоченный материал
organic material — органический материал
organometallic material — металлоорганический материал
oxidation material — окисляющее вещество, окислитель
oxidation-resistant material — материал, стойкий к окислению
oxidation-resistant thermal protection material — теплозащитный материал, стойкий к окислению
oxide-metal cermet-type material — окисная металлокерамика
oxide thermoelectric material — окисный термоэлектрический материал, термоэлектрическая керамика
oxidizer-resistant material — материал, стойкий к воздействию окислителя
ozone-resistant material — озоностойкий материал
packaging material — упаковочный материал
paper-core honeycomb material — сотовый материал с бумажным заполнителем
particle-reinforced material — материал, армированный частицами
particle-strengthened material — материал, упрочнённый частицами
penetrant inspection material — проникающее вещество для контроля ( при дефектоскопии)
permeable material — проницаемый материал
phase-change material — материал с изменяющимися фазами
phenolic glass-fiber composite material — фенопласт, армированный стекловолокном, фенольный стеклотекстолит
phosphorescent material — фосфоресцирующее вещество, фосфор
photochromic material — материал для цветной фотографии
photoelastic material — фотоупругий материал
photoemissive material — фотоэмиссионный материал
photopolymer material — фотополимерный материал
phototropic material — фототропный материал
photoviscoelastic material — вязкофотоупругий материал
piezoelectric material — пьезоэлектрический материал
plastic material — 1) пластичный материал 2) пластическая масса, пластмасса, пластик
plastic-filled honeycomb material — сотовый материал с пластмассовым заполнителем
polycrystalline material — поликристаллический материал
polymer-containing fibrous material — волокнистый материал с содержанием полимера
polymeric material — полимерный материал
porous material — 1) пористый [проницаемый] материал 2) фильтр
powdered material — порошковый материал
powder-like material — порошкообразный материал
precipitation-hardened material — дисперсионно-твердеющий материал
precoated material — материал с предварительным покрытием, предварительно покрытый материал
predeterminated-properties material — материал с заданными свойствами
pre-finished material — предварительно обработанный [покрытый] материал
pre-impregnated fabric material — предварительно пропитанный тканевый материал
prepreg resin material — материал, предварительно пропитанный ( смолой); препрег
press material — 1) пресс-материал 2) пластическая масса, пластмасса, пластик
pressure vessel material — материал для сосудов высокого давления
primer material — грунтовочный материал, грунтовка
propellant material — 1) материал для ракетного топлива 2) ракетное топливо
propulsion material — материал для силовых установок
pyrolytic material — пиролитический материал
pyrolytic graphite composite material — пирографитовый композиционный материал
radar absorbent material — материал для противорадиолокационных покрытий
radiation shielding material — защитный [экранирующий] материал от радиоактивного излучения
radioactive shielding material — защитный [экранирующий] материал от радиоактивного излучения
radiation-resistant material — материал, стойкий к облучению
radioactive material — 1) радиоактивный материал 2) радиоактивное вещество
radioluminescent material — радиолюминесцентный материал
radome material — материал для антенных обтекателей
re-entry shield material — материал для защиты аппаратов, возвращаемых в плотную атмосферу
re-entry vehicle material — материал для аппаратов, возвращаемых в плотную атмосферу
reflecting material — 1) материал для отражателей 2) отражающее вещество
refractory material — тугоплавкий [огнеупорный] материал, огнеупор
refractory semiconductor material — тугоплавкий полупроводник
reinforced material — армированный [упрочнённый] материал
reinforced ceramic material — армированная керамика
reinforced thermosetting plastic material — армированный термореактопласт [термореактивный пластик]
reinforcement material — армирующий [упрочняющий] материал
reinforcing material — армирующий [упрочняющий] материал
reinforcing composite material — армирующий композиционный материал
resilient material — упругий [эластичный] материал
resin-ceramic material — материал из керамики и смолы, материал из керамопластика
resin-impregnated material — материал, пропитанный смолой
resinous material — смолистый материал, смола
retentive material — магнитотвёрдый материал
rigid foam material — жёсткий пеноматериал
rigid insulation material — жёсткий изоляционный материал
rigid-plastic material — 1) жёстко-пластичный материал 2) жёсткая пластмасса
rocket ablative material — абляционный материал для ракет
rocket engine material — материал для ракетных двигателей
rocket liner material — материал для ракетных вкладышей, облицовочный материал для ракет
rocket nozzle material — материал для сопел ракетных двигателей
rocket nozzle throat material — материал для критического сечения сопел ракетных двигателей
rocket structural material — конструкционный материал для ракет
rubber material — 1) каучук, каучуковый материал 2) резина, резиновый материал
rubber-fabric material — резинотканевый материал
rubber foam material — пенорезина
rubber-like material — резиноподобный [каучукоподобный] материал
rubber lining material — резиновый прокладочный материал
rubbery material — 1) материал на основе каучука 2) резиноподобный [каучукоподобный] материал
rust inhibitor material — противокоррозионный [антикоррозионный] материал
sandwich material — слоистый материал с сотовым заполнителем
sandwich foam material — слоистый материал с пенозаполнителем
satellite material — материал для спутников
screening material — защитный [экранирующий] материал
sealing material — уплотнительный [герметизирующий] материал, герметик
sealant material — уплотнительный [герметизирующий] материал, герметик
sectional material — фасонный [профильный, сортовой] материал
self-extinguishing material — самогасящийся материал
self-hardening molding material — самотвердеющий формовочный материал
self-thermostatic material — самотермостатический материал
semiconducting material — полупроводниковый [полупроводящий] материал, полупроводник
semiconductive material — полупроводниковый [полупроводящий] материал, полупроводник
semiconductor material — полупроводниковый [полупроводящий] материал, полупроводник
semi-finished material — полуфабрикат
semirigid foam material — полужёсткий пеноматериал
sensitive explosive material — материал, чувствительный к взрыву
sheath material — 1) армирующий материал 2) защитный материал 3) материал для обшивки
shielding material — экранирующий [защитный] материал
shielding gasket material — материал для защитных [экранирующих] прокладок
shock-absorbing material — ударопоглощающий [амортизирующий] материал
shock-resistant material — ударопрочный материал
silica material — кремнезёмный материал
silica-fiber-reinforced material — материал, армированный кремнезёмным волокном
silicone material — кремнийорганический [силиконовый] материал
silicone-based material — материал на основе кремнийорганических соединений
silicone-resin ablative material — абляционный материал из кремнийорганической смолы
silicone-rubber material — кремнекаучуковый материал, кремнекаучук
single-crystal material — монокристаллический материал
sintered material — 1) спечённый материал, полученный спеканием материал 2) керамический материал
sintered-metal friction material — фрикционный материал из спечённого металла
soft-magnetic material — магнитомягкий материал
solid-foamed material — 1) твёрдый пеноматериал 2) твёрдый пенопласт
solid rocket motor material — материал для ракетных двигателей твёрдого топлива [РДТТ]
solvent-resistant material — материал, стойкий к растворителям
sound-absorbent material — 1) звукопоглощающий материал 2) звукоизоляционный материал
sound-absorbing material — 1) звукопоглощающий материал 2) звукоизоляционный материал
sound-damping material — звукопоглощающий материал
soundproof material — звуконепроницаемый [звукоизолирующий] материал
soundresistant material — звуконепроницаемый [звукоизолирующий] материал
space-age material — материал для космической техники
space cabin material — материал для кабин космических аппаратов
spacecraft material — материал для космических аппаратов
spacecraft hardware material — конструкционный материал для космических аппаратов
spacecraft structure material — конструкционный материал для космических аппаратов
space power material — материал для силовых установок космических аппаратов
space-shielding material — защитный [экранирующий] материал для космических аппаратов
space-technology material — материал для космической техники
space thermal-control material — терморегулируемый материал для космической техники
spongeous material — губчатый материал
spongy material — губчатый материал
spring material — пружинный материал, материал для рессор [амортизаторов]
storable propellant bladder material — материал для эластичных мешков, используемых для подачи хранимых топлив
strain-hardening material — деформационно-упрочняющийся материал
strategical material — стратегический материал
structural material — конструкционный материал
sublimator material — сублимирующий материал
substrate material — подложка
sulfidized iron-graphite material — сульфидированный железографитовый материал
superconducting material — сверхпроводящий материал, сверхпроводник
superconductive material — сверхпроводящий материал, сверхпроводник
superhard material — сверхтвёрдый [сверхпрочный] материал
superhigh-heat resistance material — сверхжаростойкий материал
superhigh-pure material — сверхчистый материал
superlight ablative material — сверхлёгкий абляционный материал
superplasticity material — сверхпластичный материал
superstrength material — сверхпрочный материал
surface-finish material — 1) материал для поверхностной отделки 2) аппретирующий материал
tailored material — материал с заданными свойствами
tailor-made material — материал с заданными свойствами
tankage material — материал для баков [ёмкостей]
tape graphite material — графитовый ленточный материал
temperature-control material — терморегулируемый материал; материал, обеспечивающий регулирование температурного режима
temperature-resistant material — теплостойкий материал
temperature-sensitive material — теплочувствительный материал
textile fibrous material — волокнистый текстильный материал
thermal barrier material — термозащитный [теплозащитный] материал
thermal control material — терморегулируемый материал; материал, обеспечивающий регулирование температурного режима
thermal-insulating material — теплоизоляционный материал
thermally stable material — термостойкий материал
thermal protection material — теплозащитный материал
thermal-radiating material — теплоизлучающий материал
thermal shield material — термозащитный [теплозащитный] материал
thermionic emitter material — термоэлектронный эмиттер
thermochromic material — термохромный материал
thermoforming material — термоформующийся материал
thermoinsulation material — термоизоляционный материал
thermoplastic material — 1) термопластичный материал 2) термопластик
thermosetting material — 1) термореактивный материал 2) термореактивная пластмасса
thermostat material — термостатный материал
thin-film material — тонкоплёночный материал
thoria-based material — материал [керамика] на основе окисла тория
three-dimensional material — 1) материал с одинаковыми свойствами во всех направлениях 2) объёмный [трёхмерный] материал
three-dimensionally reinforced material — объёмно-армированный материал
time-dependent composite material — композиционный материал с зависящими от времени свойствами
tough material — 1) прочный [твёрдый] материал 2) вязкий [тягучий] материал
tracer material — индикаторное вещество, трассер
translucent material — полупрозрачный [просвечивающий] материал
transparent material — прозрачный материал
transpiration-cooled material — материал с испарительным охлаждением
trifunctional material — трёхфункциональный материал
turbine blade material — материал для турбинных лопаток
turbine vane material — материал для турбинных лопаток
two-phase composite material — двухфазный композиционный материал
ultra-abrasion-resistant material — материал с высокой стойкостью к истиранию
ultra-hard material — сверхтвёрдый [сверхпрочный] материал
ultra-high-strength material — сверхвысокопрочный материал
ultra-high-temperature material — материал для сверхвысоких температур, сверхжаропрочный материал
ultra-pure material — материал сверхвысокой чистоты, сверхчистый материал
ultra-purity material — сверхчистый материал, материал сверхвысокой чистоты
ultra-refractory material — сверхтугоплавкий материал
ultra-strength material — сверхпрочный материал
ultraviolet sensitive material — материал, чувствительный к ультрафиолетовому излучению
upgrading material — материал с повышенными характеристиками
UV-curable material — материал, отверждаемый ультрафиолетовым излучением
UV-curing material — материал, отверждаемый ультрафиолетовым излучением
vapor-deposited material — материал, осаждённый в паровой [газовой] фазе
vaporizing material — испаряющийся материал
versatile material — гибкий материал
vibration-absorptive material — вибропоглощающий материал
vibration-damping material — вибропоглощающий материал
vinyl-metal material — металлический материал, покрытый винилопластом
vinyl sandwich material — слоистый винилопласт
viscoelastic material — вязкоупругий материал
viscoelastic fiber-reinforced material — вязкоупругий материал с волокнистым наполнителем
vitreous material — стекловидный материал
vitrified material — стекловидный материал
waterproofing material — водонепроницаемый [гидроизоляционный] материал
wear-resistant material — износостойкий [износоустойчивый] материал
web material — тканевый материал, ткань
whisker material — 1) материал, армированный нитевидными кристаллами 2) нитевидные кристаллы, усы
whisker-reinforced material — материал, армированный нитевидными кристаллами
whisker-strengthened material — материал, упрочнённый нитевидными кристаллами
winding material — намоточный материал
windshield material — материал для лобовых стёкол
wire-wound composite material — композиционный материал, полученный намоткой проволоки
wood material — древесный материал, древесина
workhorse material — силовой [конструкционный] материал
woven material — плетёный [тканый] материал
yielding material — вязкопластичный [растекающийся] материал
zircon-based material — материал на основе циркона
English-Russian dictionary of aviation and space materials > material
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11 propellant
acid-aniline propellant — ракетное топливо, состоящее из азотной кислоты и анилина
advanced propellant — перспективное ракетное топливо
aluminized composite solid propellant — смесевое твёрдое ракетное топливо с присадкой алюминия
ammonium-nitrate propellant — ракетное топливо на основе нитрата аммония
ammonium-perchlorate propellant — твёрдое ракетное топливо на основе перхлората аммония
anergolic propellant — несамовоспламеняющееся ракетное топливо
asphalt-base solid propellant — твёрдое ракетное топливо на асфальтовой основе
atomized propellant — распылённое ракетное топливо
autoigniting propellant — самовоспламеняющееся ракетное топливо
ballistite-type propellant — твёрдое ракетное топливо типа баллистита, двухосновное твёрдое ракетное топливо ( на основе нитроглицерина и нитроцеллюлозы)
beryllium-containing propellant — бериллий-содержащее ракетное топливо
boosted propellant — улучшенное ракетное топливо, ракетное топливо с повышенными энергетическими свойствами
brittle propellant — хрупкое твёрдое ракетное топливо
butadiene propellant — бутадиеновое ракетное топливо
case-bonded double-base propellant — ракетное двухосновное топливо, скреплённое со стенками двигателя
cast propellant — литое ракетное топливо
cast double-base propellant — литое двухосновное ракетное топливо
cast solid rocket propellant — литое твёрдое ракетное топливо
cesium propellant — цезиевое топливо ( для ионного двигателя)
chemical propellant — химическое ракетное топливо
colloidal propellant — коллоидное ракетное топливо, коллоидальное ракетное топливо
composite propellant — смесевое ракетное топливо
composite-modified double-base propellant — модифицированное смесевое двухосновное ракетное топливо
composite-modified double-phase propellant — модифицированное смесевое двухфазное ракетное топливо
composite rubber-base propellant — смесевое ракетное топливо на каучуковой основе
composite rubber-binder propellant — смесевое ракетное топливо с каучуковой связкой
composite solid propellant — смесевое твёрдое ракетное топливо
composite solid perchlorate propellant — твёрдое смесевое перхлоратное ракетное топливо
coolant propellant — топливо, используемое для охлаждения ( ракетного двигателя)
cryogenic liquid propellant — жидкое криогенное ракетное топливо
cryogenic rocket propellant — криогенное ракетное топливо
cured propellant — отверждённое [затвердевшее] ракетное топливо
detonable propellant — взрывоопасное ракетное топливо
dimension ally stable composite propellant — размерно-устойчивое смесевое ракетное топливо
double-base propellant — двухосновное ракетное топливо
earth-storable propellant — ракетное топливо, долгохранимое в наземных условиях
energetic propellant — высококалорийное ракетное топливо, ракетное топливо с высокими энергетическими характеристиками, ракетное топливо с большой теплотворной способностью
erosion-sensitive propellant — ракетное топливо с высокой эрозионной чувствительностью
fast-burning rate propellant — ракетное топливо с высокой скоростью горения
fluid propellant — жидкое ракетное топливо
fluorine propellant — жидкое ракетное топливо на фторе
foamed propellant — вспененное ракетное топливо
free-radical propellant — топливо на основе свободных радикалов
fuel-rich solid propellant — твёрдое ракетное топливо с высоким содержанием горючего
gaseous propellant — газообразное ракетное топливо
gas-generator propellant — газогенераторное ракетное топливо
gelled propellant — желатинизированное ракетное топливо
heat-sterilizable solid propellant — термостерилизуемое твёрдое ракетное топливо
heterogeneous propellant — смесевое ракетное топливо
high-density propellant — топливо с большим удельным весом
high-energy propellant — высокоэнергетическое [высокоэффективное] ракетное топливо
highly sensitive propellant — высокочувствительное ракетное топливо
high-performance propellant — топливо с высокой теплотворной способностью
high-performing storable propellant — высокоэффективное долгохранимое ракетное топливо
homogeneous propellant — гомогенное ракетное топливо
hybrid propellant — гибридное [твёрдо-жидкое] ракетное топливо
hydrogen-fluorine propellant — фторводородное ракетное топливо
hypergolic liquid propellant — самовоспламеняющееся [гипергольное] жидкое ракетное топливо
ignitable propellant — воспламеняемое ракетное топливо
igniter propellant — пусковое ракетное топливо
ionic propellant — ионное топливо, топливо для ионного двигателя
jet propellant — реактивное топливо, топливо для реактивных двигателей
liquid propellant — жидкое ракетное топливо
lithium-fluorine-hydrogen propellant — жидкое ракетное топливо на основе фтора, водорода и лития
low-temperature propellant — низкотемпературное [низкокипящее] ракетное топливо
metal-containing propellant — металлсодержащее ракетное топливо
metallized liquid propellant — металлизованное жидкое ракетное топливо
metastable propellant — метастабильное ракетное топливо ( разлагающееся в определённых условиях)
mixed propellant — смесевое ракетное топливо
mixed-phases propellant — многофазное ракетное топливо
multibase propellant — многоосновное твёрдое топливо
multicomponent propellant — многокомпонентное ракетное топливо
nitrocellulose plastisol propellant — пластизольное ракетное топливо на основе нитроцеллюлозы
noncryogenic propellant — ракетное топливо с обычной температурой хранения, некриогенное ракетное топливо
nonhomogeneous propellant — смесевое ракетное топливо
nonhypergolic propellant — несамовоспламеняющееся ракетное топливо
nonmetallized composite propellant — неметаллизованное смесевое ракетное топливо
nonself-igniting propellant — несамовоспламеняющееся ракетное топливо
nonstorable propellant — нестойкое при хранении ракетное топливо
nuclear propellant — ядерное топливо
oxidizer-rich propellant — ракетное топливо с избытком окисляющего компонента
paste-like propellant — пастообразное ракетное топливо
pelletized propellant — гранулированное ракетное топливо
perchlorate propellant — перхлорат-содержащее ракетное топливо
plastic propellant — ракетное топливо с пластмассовой основой
plastisol propellant — пластизольное ракетное топливо
plastisol double-base propellant — пластизольное двухосновное ракетное топливо
plastisol-perchlorate propellant — пластизоль-перхлоратное ракетное топливо
polybutadiene-acrylic-acid propellant — ракетное топливо на основе полибутадиена и акриловой кислоты
polyether-polyurethane propellant — полиэфирно-полиуретановое ракетное топливо
polystyrene propellant — полистирольное ракетное топливо
polysulfide propellant — полисульфидное ракетное топливо
polyurethane propellant — полиуретановое ракетное топливо
polyurethane-based propellant — ракетное топливо на основе полиуретана
polyurethane-perchlorate propellant — полиуретан-перхлоратное ракетное топливо
polyvinyl-chloride plastisol propellant — пластизольное ракетное топливо на основе хлорполивинила
potassium-perchlorate propellant — топливо, содержащее перхлорат калия ( в качестве окислителя)
powerful propellant — ракетное топливо с высоким удельным импульсом, высокоэнергетическое ракетное топливо
pressed propellant — прессованное ( твёрдое) ракетное топливо
primary propellant — основной компонент ракетного топлива ( горючее или окислитель)
pyrophoric propellant — самовоспламеняющееся ракетное топливо
resin-base propellant — твёрдое ракетное топливо на смоляной основе
rigid propellant — твёрдое [жёсткое] ракетное топливо
rocket propellant — 1) ракетное топливо 2) компонент ракетного топлива 3) рабочее тело ( ядерной ракеты)
rocket-engine propellant — ракетное топливо
rubber-base propellant — ракетное топливо на каучуковой основе
rubber-like propellant — резиноподобное ракетное топливо
self-igniting propellant — самовоспламеняющееся ракетное топливо
semistorable liquid propellant — полухранимое жидкое ракетное топливо
shock-sensitive propellant — ударочувствительное ракетное топливо
simple-base propellant — одноосновное ракетное топливо
single-base propellant — одноосновное ракетное топливо
single-phase propellant — однофазное ракетное топливо
slow-burning propellant — медленно-горящее ракетное топливо
slurried propellant — суспензированное ракетное топливо
smokeless solid propellant — бездымное твёрдое ракетное топливо
solid propellant — твёрдое ракетное топливо
solid-liquid propellant — твёрдо-жидкое [гибридное] ракетное топливо
spacecraft propellant — топливо для двигателей космических летательных аппаратов
space storable propellant — ракетное топливо, сохраняемое в условиях космического полёта
stable propellant — стабильное [химически устойчивое] ракетное топливо
sterilizable solid propellant — стерилизуемое твёрдое ракетное топливо
storable propellant — 1) долгосохраняющееся ракетное топливо 2) топливо, допускающее длительное хранение в баках ракеты
subliming propellant — сублимирующееся ракетное топливо
synthetic-rubber-base propellant — ракетное топливо на основе синтетического каучука
temperature-insensitive propellant — ракетное топливо с низкой температурной чувствительностью
thixotropic propellant — желатинизированное ракетное топливо с металлическими частицами
triple-base propellant — трёхосновное ракетное топливо
underoxidized propellant — окисленное ракетное топливо
vapor-jet propellant — легкоиспаряющееся топливо для струйных систем стабилизации и управления
volatile propellant — летучее [легкоиспаряющееся] топливо
English-Russian dictionary of aviation and space materials > propellant
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12 propellant
ракетное топливо; реактивное топливоaniline red fuming nitric acid propellant — ракетное топливо, состоящее из анилина и красной дымящей азотной кислоты
condensation colloid propellant for electrostatic propulsion — конденсационное коллоидное ракетное топливо для ионных ракетных двигателей
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13 single
123 -
14 network
1) сеть (железных дорог, каналов, трубопроводов и т. п.)5) схема; цепь; контур6) эл. многополюсник; четырехполюсник8) вычислительная сеть; сеть ЭВМ9) геофиз. сеть наблюдений; сеть опорных пунктов•-
π network
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active electrical network
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active network
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adding network
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adjustment network
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air route network
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all-pass network
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anti-induction network
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aperiodic network
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artificial mains network
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asymmetrical network
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attenuation network
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augmented transition network
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automatic voice network
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backbone network
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backup radio network
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balanced network
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balancing network
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baseband network
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baseline network
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basic network
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BGS network
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binary-weighted network
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bridge network
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bridged-T network
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broadcast network
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buoy data acquisition network
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bus network
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cable network
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capacitive network
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capacitor network
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cellular radio network
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centralized computer network
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channel network
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charge-summing network
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circuit-switching network
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climatological station network
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closed private network
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communications network
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community antenna distribution network
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computer network
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conferencing network
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connected network
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contact network
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coupling network
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crack network
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crossover network
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customer access network
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data communications network
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data network
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data transmission network
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decoupling network
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dedicated network
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deemphasis network
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delay-line network
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delta network
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demand-assigned network
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dial-up network
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differentiating network
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digital network
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diode network
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direct distance dialing network
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dislocation network
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distributed interactive data network
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distributed network
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distributed-constant network
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distributed-processing network
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distribution network
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DNC network
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double-loop network
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drainage network
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dual network
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earthing network
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effectively earthed network
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electrical network
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electronically-switched network
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electronic-switched network
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elemental network
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end-linked network
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equivalent network
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Eurovision network
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extensive network
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facsimile network
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fault-signaling network
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feed network
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feedback network
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flow network
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four-pole network
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four-terminal network
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fully connected network
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functional logic network
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gage network
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gas distribution network
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gas network
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geodetic network
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glass network
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global network
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gravity network
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ground network
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ground-station network
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heat network
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heavy network
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heterogeneous computer network
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hierarchical network
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high-bandwidth network
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high-capacity network
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high-voltage power network
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highway network
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homogeneous computer network
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hybrid network
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hydrologic network
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inductance network
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inductance-capacitance network
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inductance-resistance network
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industrial network
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infinite network
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information network
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integrated digital network
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integrated intracell network
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integrated network
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integrated-services digital network
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integrating network
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interactive network
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intercity network
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intercom network
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interlaced network
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interpenetrating polymer networks
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interstage network
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Intervision network
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inverse networks
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island network
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isolation network
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Kelvin network
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L network
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ladder network
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lamellar network
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lattice network
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leased-line network
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leveling network
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lighting network
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light-rail network
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linear network
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L-network
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local data-processing network
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local-area network
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logic network
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long-distance network
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long-haul network
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loop network
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lossless network
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low-voltage network
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lumped-constant network
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lumped network
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main waterway network
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manual routing network
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Markovian network
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matching network
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meshed network
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mesoscale observational network
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message-switched network
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meteorological network
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metropolitan-area network
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mixed network
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mobile network
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monitoring network
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monopulse network
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multiaccess network
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multibranch network
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multidimensional network
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multidrop network
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multinode network
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multiple feed network
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multipoint network
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multiport network
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multiservice network
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multistation network
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multiterminal network
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near-shore buoy network
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negative sequence network
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network of base gravity stations
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nodal network
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nonlinear network
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nonplanar network
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nonreciprocal network
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notch network
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n-pole network
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n-port network
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n-terminal network
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observation network
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one-hop network
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one-port network
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ozone network
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packet radio network
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packet switching network
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parallel-T network
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passive network
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personal computer network
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phase-advance network
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phase-inverting network
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phase-shift network
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phase-splitting network
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phasing network
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Pi network
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planar network
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PLC network
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point-to-point network
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polled network
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polymer network
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positive sequence network
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power distribution network
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power network
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preassigned network
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precipitation network
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preemphasis network
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primary distribution network
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private-line network
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public data network
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pull-down network
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pull-up network
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pulse-forming network
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quadripole network
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queueing network
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radial network
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radio intercom network
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radio sounding network
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radio-relay network
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railway network
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rain-gage network
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reciprocal network
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recursive transition network
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relay-contact network
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resistance-capacitance network
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resistive ladder network
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resistive network
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resistor network
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ring network
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river network
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road network
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rocket sounding network
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rubber network
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satellite network
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semantic network
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semiconductor network
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short-haul network
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simulcast network
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single-tuned network
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six-phase network
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space network
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standard gage trunk network
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star network
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stream-gaging network
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stretched network
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subtransmission network
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survey network
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switched network
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switched-message network
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switching network
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T network
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telecommunication network
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telemetered air monitoring network
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telephone network
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teleprocessing network
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teletype network
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terminating network
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terminating switching network
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Thomson network
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three-phase network
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T-network
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token-bus network
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token-ring network
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total ozone sampling network
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traffic network
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transit network
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transition network
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transmission network
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transportation network
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transport network
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tree network
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triangulation network
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trilateration network
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tsunami network
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twin-T network
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two-pole network
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two-port network
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two-terminal network
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ultra-high voltage power network
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unbalanced network
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upper-air network
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value-added network
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variable topology network
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ventilation network
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virtual call network
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voice network
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vulcanization network
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water quality monitoring network
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water-supply network
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weather radar network
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weighting network
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wide-area network
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wideband network
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worldwide communication network
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Y network
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Y-network
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zero sequence network -
15 DPR
1) Американизм: Department Of Parks And Recreation2) Военный термин: Defense Posture Report, Director of Program and Requirements, Director of Public Relations, data processing request, defense planning review, defense program review, definition phase review, deployment position radar, drogue parachute deployment3) Техника: data processing reading, deferred processing routine, demonstration power reactor, developmental power reactor, digit present, direct phase regenerator, double pulse ranging, drive present, dual-pen recorder4) Бухгалтерия: Data Production Request6) Сокращение: Digital Pattern Recorder, Dual-Ported Random access memory, diazo print7) Электроника: Digital Path Receiver8) Деловая лексика: (detailed project report) технический проект (detailed project report)9) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: disproportionate permeability reduction10) Сетевые технологии: data processing rate, скорость обработки данных11) ЕБРР: detailed project report12) Полимеры: depolymerized rubber13) Расширение файла: Default project- and state-related information (Borland C++ - Delphi)14) Электротехника: double lapping of pure rubber -
16 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
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2) патрубок4) туннель5) англ. метро(политен)6) резин. камера ( шины или рукава)7) резин. шприцевать трубчатую заготовку9) футляр, гильза ( сухого элемента)10) эл. вентиль14) электронно-лучевой прибор, ЭЛП15) электронно-лучевая трубка, ЭЛТ17) лупа (напр. визирная)18) губа, тюбик•-
acorn tube
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afterglow tube
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air tube
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airspeed tube
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aligned-grid tube
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all-metal tube
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all-rubber tube
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amplification tube
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annular tubes
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attenuator tube
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augmentor tube
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backward-wave tube
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ballast tube
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bantam tube
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Barkhausen-Kurz tube
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Barkhausen tube
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barometer tube
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bead tube
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beam tube
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beam-deflection selector tube
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beam-indexing tube
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beam-power tube
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beam-storage tube
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beam-switching tube
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bipotential cathode-ray tube
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bipotential tube
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black-and-white picture tube
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blast tube
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blind-end tube
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blocking tube
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boiling tube
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bottom-guide tube
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Bourdon tube
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branch tube
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Braun tube
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bridge wall tubes
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bubble tube
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butt-ended tube
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calandria tube
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calming tube
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camera tube
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casing tube
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casting tube
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cathode-ray memory tube
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cathode-ray tube
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cell-type tube
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center air tube
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charge-storage tube
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choke tube
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Christophorsen tube
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chromatron tube
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cigarette tube
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clad tube
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clean tube
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cloth-inserted tube
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coiled tubes
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cold-cathode tube
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collapsible tube
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color cathode-ray tube
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color picture tube
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concentric draft tube
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contactor tube
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contact tube
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continuous tube
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convergent short tube
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convergent tube
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converging tube
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convoluted tube
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corona-discharge tube
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corona tube
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counter tube
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cracking tube
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crossed-field tube
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crossover tube
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cutting oxygen tube
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damper tube
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dark-trace tube
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decade counter tube
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delta gun shadow mask tube
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density-modulated tube
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detonator tube
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dipper tube
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direct viewing tube
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direct view tube
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directional-beam X-ray tube
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direct-viewing storage tube
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direct-view storage tube
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discharge tube
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display storage tube
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display tube
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dissector tube
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distillation tube
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diverging tube
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double-gun cathode-ray tube
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double-walled tube
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draft tube
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drainage tube
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drain tube
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drawdown tube
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dredging tube
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drying tube
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elbow-type draft tube
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elbow draft tube
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electrical-signal storage tube
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electric-signal storage tube
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electrode cooling tube
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electrometer tube
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electron-beam tube
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electronic tube
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electron-multiplier tube
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electrostatic memory tube
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emulsion tube
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end-window counter tube
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erect image focusing tube
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evaporating tube
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exhaust tube
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extension tube
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externally quenched counter tube
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fabric tube
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Faraday tube
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fast-screen cathode-rat tube
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feeder tube
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fence tube
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filler tube
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fire tube
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flame tube
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flange tube
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flared-type draft tube
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flash tube
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flat tube
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flat-ended tube
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flat-faced tube
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flat-screen tube
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flexible metal tube
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flow tube
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fluorescent tube
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fluted tube
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flux-feed tube
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flux tube
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flying spot scanning tube
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focusing tube
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fractional distillating tube
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fuel tube
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fuel-element charging tube
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fuel-element discharge tube
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fuel-element transfer tube
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fuel-port tube
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furnace tube
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fuse tube
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gas-discharge tube
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gas-filled counter tube
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gas-flow counter tube
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Geiger-Muller counter tube
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Geiger counter tube
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glow tube
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glow-discharge tube
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grid-glow tube
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grilled tube
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grout tube
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guide tube
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halogen tube
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heavy-end tube
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heavy-fin tube
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heavy-walled tube
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helical welded tube
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high-vacuum tube
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high-velocity camera tube
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hot-cathode tube
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image camera tube
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image pickup tube
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image tube
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image-converter tube
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image-dissector tube
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image-intensifier tube
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impact tube
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indicator tube
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inductance tube
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inflatable rubber tube
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injection tube
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inlet tube
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in-line gun color picture tube
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in-line color picture tube
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in-line picture tube
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inner tube
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insulating tube
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internally pressurized tube
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ionization-gage tube
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isosceles triangular tube
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lance tube
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Lawrence tube
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lens tube
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level tube
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lift tube
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line-focus tube
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local-oscillator tube
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longitudinal welded tube
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low-fin tube
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low-velocity camera tube
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L-shape tube
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luminescent tube
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luminescent-screen tube
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luminous discharge tube
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magnetic-focusing tube
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Maxwell tube
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mechanically controlled tube
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memory cathode-ray tube
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memory tube
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mercury pool tube
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mercury-arc tube
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miniature tube
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mixer tube
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mixing tube
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Mojonnier tube
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mold tube
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Moody spreading draft tube
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Moody draft tube
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M-type tube
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multielectrode tube
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multigun cathode-ray tube
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multigun tube
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multiple tube
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multiplier tube
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multistage X-ray tube
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neon tube
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night-sight tube
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nitrometer tube
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Nixie tube
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oscillating tube
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oscillograph tube
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outlet tube
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panoramic X-ray tube
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parent tube
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pastes tube
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penetration tube
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phase-shifter tube
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photoelectric tube
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photoflash tube
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photomultiplier tube
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photosensitive tube
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pickup tube
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picture tube
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PIL type tube
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PIL tube
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plumbicon tube
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poison tube
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polyallomer tube
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polycarbonate tube
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pool-cathode tube
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pool tube
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power tube
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precision in-line tube
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preheating oxygen tube
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pressure tube
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process tube
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projection tube
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proportional counter tube
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protector tube
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proximity-focused image tube
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puncture-sealing tube
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pyrometer tube
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radiant section tubes
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radiant tubes
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radiation counter tube
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radio tube
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reactance tube
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recording cathode-ray tube
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recording tube
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regulating tube
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reserve tube
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return tube
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revolving tube
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riffled tube
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rigid tube
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road-draft tube
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roof radiant tubes
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rotating-anode X-ray tube
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rough tube
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rubber tube
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rudder tube
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run resist tube
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safety inner tube
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sampling tube
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scaffold tube
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screen tubes
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scupper tube
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seamless drawn tube
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seamless tube
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SEC tube
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sectional X-ray tube
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self-quenched counter tube
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shaft tube
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shielded tube
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shock tube
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silicon diode-array camera tube
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silicon camera tube
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silicon-intensifier target tube
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siphon draft tube
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sleeve tube
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slot-mask tube
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smooth-wall tube
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snorkel tube
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snow sampling tube
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snow tube
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softening point tubes
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solid tube
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space-charge-wave tube
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stabilitron tube
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stationary-anode X-ray tube
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steam tube
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steam-generating tube
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steering tube
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stern tube
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stopper tube
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storage cathode-ray tube
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storage tube
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straight draft tube
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stream tube
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strip-phosphor tube
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suction tube
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switching tube
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tank breather tubes
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television picture tube
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television tube
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tension tube
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test tube
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thermometer tube
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thief tube
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thin-walled tube
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three-gun color picture tube
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thruster tube
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tire inner tube
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torch tube
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transition tube
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transverse-field traveling-wave tube
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traveling-wave tube
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trigger tube
-
tripotential cathode-ray tube
-
tripotential tube
-
tube of current
-
tube of electric force
-
tube of flow
-
tube of magnetic flux
-
tube of magnetic force
-
twisting tube
-
twist tube
-
uniformly heated tube
-
U-V fluorescent tube
-
vacuum tube
-
vacuum-gage tube
-
valve tube
-
vapor delivery tube
-
vapor tube
-
Venturi tube
-
vidicon camera tube
-
vidicon tube
-
voltage-reference tube
-
voltage-regulating tube
-
wall radiant tubes
-
wall tube
-
waterwall tube
-
Williams tube
-
wire-reinforced plastic tube
-
wiring tube
-
X-ray tube
-
x-y shutter tube -
18 coating
2. облицовка, обмазка3. покрывающий [защитный, изоляционный] слой4. грунтовка5. покрывать6. облицовывать7. грунтовать8. обрезинивать, гуммировать (покрывать тонким слоем клея; наносить резиновое или эбонитовое покрытие на металлическое изделие)ablation coating — абляционное покрытие
ablative coating — абляционное покрытие
abrasion-resistant coating — износостойкое покрытие
acid-resistant coating — кислотостойкое [кислотоупорное] покрытие
acrylic coating — акриловое покрытие
active thermal control coating — активное терморегулируемое покрытие
aerosol coating — аэрозольное покрытие
aerospace coating — покрытие для авиационно-космической техники
aircraft coating — покрытие для авиационной техники, авиационное покрытие
alloy coating — покрытие из сплава; легированное покрытие
aluminide coating — алюминидное покрытие
aluminized coating — алитированное покрытие
aluminum coating — 1) алюминиевое покрытие 2) алитирование, алюминирование
aluminum-chromium coating — 1) хромо-алюминиевое покрытие 2) хромо-алитирование
aluminum hard coating — твёрдое алитирование
aluminum-modified silicone coating — силиконовое покрытие, модифицированное алюминием
anodized coating — 1) анодированное покрытие 2) анодирование (электрохимический процесс получения защитного или декоративного покрытия на поверхности различных сплавов; обычно проводится в 20%-ном растворе серной кислоты)
anticorrosive coating — противокоррозионное [противокоррозийное, антикоррозионное] покрытие
antifoulant coating — необрастающее покрытие
antifouling coating — необрастающее покрытие
antioxidation coating — противоокислительное [антиокислительное] покрытие
antiradar coating — противорадиолокационное [антирадиолокационное] покрытие
antireflectance coating — противоотражательное покрытие
antireflection coating — противоотражательное покрытие
antirust coating — противокоррозионное [противокоррозийное, антикоррозионное] покрытие
antistatic coating — антистатическое покрытие; покрытие, предохраняющее от накопления статического заряда
beryllide coating — бериллидное покрытие
beryllium coating — покрытие бериллием
beryllium-oxide coating — покрытие окисью бериллия
birefringent coating — покрытие с двойным лучепреломлением
birefringent photoelastic coating — фотоупругое покрытие с двойным лучепреломлением
boron coating — 1) покрытие бором 2) борирование
boron-carbide coating — покрытие карбидом бора
boron-nitride coating — покрытие нитридом бора
brass coating — 1) покрытие латунью 2) латунирование
brittle coating — хрупкое покрытие
cadmium coating — 1) кадмиевое покрытие 2) кадмирование
calorized aluminum coating — диффузионное алитирование
carbide coating — карбидное покрытие
cataphoretic coating — катафорезное покрытие
cementation coating — 1) цементационное покрытие 2) цементация
ceramic coating — керамическое покрытие
ceramic-bonded lubricating coating — смазывающее покрытие с керамической связкой
ceramic dielectric coating — керамическое покрытие с диэлектрическими свойствами
ceramic-fiber-reinforced plastic coating — пластмассовое покрытие, армированное керамическим волокном
cermet coating — металлокерамическое покрытие
chemical coating — химическое покрытие
chemical conversion coating — химическое защитное покрытие
chemically bonded coating — покрытие методом химической связи
chemical-resistant coating — химически стойкое покрытие
chemical vapor deposition coating — химическое покрытие осаждением из паровой [газовой] фазы
chlorinated-rubber coating — хлоркаучуковое покрытие
chromium coating — 1) хромистое покрытие 2) хромирование
chromium-aluminum coating — 1) хром-алюминиевое покрытие 2) хромо-алитирование
chromium-boride coating — покрытие боридом хрома
chromium-carbide coating — покрытие карбидом хрома
chromium-cermet coating — хромо-металло-керамическое покрытие
chromium-oxide coating — покрытие окисью хрома
chromium-phosphate coating — хромофосфатное покрытие
chromium-silicon coating — хромокремниевое покрытие
chromium-titanium coating — хромотитановое покрытие
chromized coating — хромированное покрытие
cladding coating — покрытие плакированием
co-diffused coating — совместное диффузионное покрытие двумя веществами
color anodic coating — 1) цветное анодное покрытие 2) цветное анодирование
columbium coating — покрытие ниобием
columbium-carbide coating — покрытие карбидом ниобия
columbium-disilicide coating — покрытие дисилицидом ниобия
complex coating — комплексное [многоэлементное] покрытие
composite coating — композиционное покрытие, покрытие композиционным материалом
conducting coating — проводящее покрытие
conductive coating — проводящее покрытие
container coating — 1) покрытие контейнера 2) протектор бака
conversion coating — конверсионное [химическое] покрытие
copper coating — 1) медное покрытие 2) омеднение
corrosion-resistant coating — коррозионно-стойкое покрытие
depositing coating — покрытие осаждением [напылением]
diffused aluminum coating — диффузионное алитирование
diffusion coating — диффузионное покрытие
disilicide coating — дисилицидное покрытие
dispersion coating — дисперсионное покрытие
dry-film coating — сухое плёночное покрытие
elastomeric coating — эластомерное [резиновое] покрытие
electrical insulating coating — электроизоляционное покрытие
electrically conductive coating — электропроводящее покрытие
electroless nickel coating — химическое никелирование
electrophoresis coating — электрофорезное покрытие
electrophoretic coating — электрофорезное покрытие
electroplated coating — 1) гальваническое покрытие 2) электропокрытие
electrostatic coating — покрытие электростатическим напылением
emission coating — активное покрытие, покрытие с эмиссионными свойствами
ероху coating — эпоксидное покрытие
epoxy-gel coating — желатинированное покрытие на основе эпоксидной смолы
erosion-resistant coating — противоэрозионное [эрозионностойкое] покрытие
evaporation coating — конденсационное покрытие
evaporative coating — конденсационное покрытие
external optical coating — наружное оптическое покрытие
film coating — плёночное покрытие
fire-resistant coating — огнестойкое покрытие
fireproof coating — огнестойкое покрытие
fire-retardant coating — огнестойкое покрытие
flame-resistant coating — огнестойкое покрытие
flame-sprayed coating — покрытие горячим напылением
flexible coating — эластичное покрытие
fluidized-bed coating — покрытие в псевдоожиженном слое, нанесение покрытия вихревым способом
fluorescent coating — флуоресцентное [люминесцентное] покрытие
fluoride coating — фторидное покрытие [плёнка]
fluorocarbon coating — фторуглеродистое покрытие
foam coating — пенопокрытие
foam-polyurethane coating — пенополиуретановое покрытие
functional coating — функциональное покрытие
fused-salt dip coating — покрытие погружением в расплавленные соли
fused-silicide coating — покрытие плавленым силицидом
galvanized zinc coating — горячее цинкование
gasoline-resistant coating — бензиностойкое покрытие
gas sensitive coating — газочувствительное покрытие
gas-tight coating — газонепроницаемое покрытие
glass coating — стеклянное покрытие
glass-ceramic coating — стеклокерамическое покрытие
glass-flake protective coating — защитное покрытие стеклянными чешуйками
glass-like coating — стекловидное покрытие
glassy coating — стекловидное покрытие
gold coating — покрытие золотом [золотой плёнкой]
graphite coating — графитовое покрытие
hard crystalline coating — твёрдое кристаллическое покрытие
heat-insulating coating — теплоизоляционное покрытие
heat-reflective coating — теплоотражательное покрытие
heat-resistant coating — теплостойкое покрытие
high-temperature coating — высокотемпературное [жаростойкое] покрытие
hi-temp coating — высокотемпературное [жаростойкое] покрытие
hot-dip coating — покрытие горячим погружением [окунанием]
hot-dip aluminum coating — горячее алитирование
hot-dip tin coating — горячее лужение
hot-dip zinc coating — горячее цинкование
hot-melt coating — покрытие расплавом
hot-pressed coating — покрытие горячим прессованием
immersion coating — покрытие погружением [окунанием]
infrared reflective coating — покрытие, отражающее инфракрасные лучи
inhibitory coating — 1) противоокислительное покрытие 2) бронирующее покрытие
inorganic-filled coating — покрытие с неорганическим наполнителем
insulating coating — изоляционное покрытие, покрывающий изоляционный слой
insulation coating — изоляционное покрытие, покрывающий изоляционный слой
intermetallic coating — интерметаллическое покрытие
ion-sputtering coating — покрытие методом ионного напыления
iridium coating — покрытие иридием
laminated coating — слоистое покрытие
lead-alloy coating — покрытие сплавом свинца, свинцевание
lightning protective coating — защитное покрытие от воздействия молний
light-sensitive coating — светочувствительное покрытие
lithia-bearing ceramic coating — керамическое покрытие с присадкой окиси лития
long-life coating — жизнеспособное покрытие
low-conductive coating — покрытие с низкой проводимостью
low-temperature coating — низкотемпературное покрытие
luminescent coating — люминесцентное [люминесцирующее] покрытие
magnesium coating — покрытие магнием
melamine-formaldehyde coating — меламино-формальдегидное покрытие
metal-bonded oxide coating — окисное покрытие с металлической связкой
metal-ceramic coating — металлокерамическое покрытие
metallic coating — металлическое покрытие
metallic-carbide-base coating — покрытие на основе карбида металла
metallic pigmented coating — металлическое пигментированное покрытие
metallized coating — 1) металлизированное покрытие 2) металлизация
metal spray coating — металлизация напылением
microcellular coating — микропористое покрытие
microthin metal coating — микротонкое металлическое покрытие
missile fuel resistant coating — покрытие, стойкое к ракетному топливу
moisture-resistant coating — влагостойкое покрытие
molybdenum-alumina coating — покрытие молибденом и окисью алюминия
molybdenum-disilicide coating — покрытие дисилицидом молибдена
molybdenum-silicide coating — покрытие силицидом молибдена
monolayer coating — однослойное покрытие
mullite coating — муллитовое покрытие ( огнеупорное противопригарное покрытие)
multicycle coating — многоцикловое покрытие
multilayer coating — многослойное покрытие
multiphase coating — многофазное покрытие
multiple-element coating — многоэлементное покрытие
nichrome coating — нихромовое покрытие
nickel coating — 1) никелевое покрытие 2) никелирование
nickel-alumina coating — покрытие из никеля и окиси алюминия
nickel-aluminide coating — покрытие из алюминида никеля
nickel-aluminum coating — никель-алюминиевое покрытие
nickel-cermet coating — никелево-металло-керамическое покрытие
nickel-chromium coating — хромоникелевое покрытие
nickel-oxide coating — покрытие окисью никеля
nickel-phosphorous coating — никель-фосфорное покрытие
nickel-silica coating — покрытие из никеля и двуокиси кремния
nickel-silicon-carbide coating — покрытие из никеля и карбида кремния
nickel-tungsten-carbide coating — покрытие из никеля и карбида вольфрама
nickel-zirconia coating — покрытие из никеля и двуокиси циркония
nitride coating — нитридное покрытие
nitrocellulose coating — 1) нитроцеллюлозное покрытие 2) покрытие нитролаком
nonmetallic coating — неметаллическое покрытие
opaque coating — непрозрачное покрытие
organosol coating — органозолевое покрытие
oxidation-preventing coating — противоокислительное покрытие
oxidation-protective coating — противоокислительное покрытие
oxidation-resistant coating — покрытие, стойкое к окислению
oxide coating — 1) оксидное покрытие 2) окисная плёнка
oxide-ceramic coating — покрытие из окисной керамики
paint coating — красочное покрытие, покрытие краской
palladium coating — 1) покрытие палладием 2) палладирование
passive coating — пассивное покрытие
peelable coating — отслаиваемое [удаляемое] покрытие
phase-change coating — покрытие с изменяющейся фазой, комбинация активного и пассивного терморегулируемого покрытия
phenolic coating — фенольное покрытие
phosphate coating — 1) фосфатное покрытие 2) фосфатирование
phosphorescent coating — фосфоресцирующее покрытие
photochromic coating — фотохромное покрытие
photoconducting coating — фотопроводящее покрытие
photoelastic coating — покрытие с фотоупругими свойствами
photoemitting coating — фотоэмиттирующее покрытие
photostress coating — фотоупругое покрытие
pigmented coating — пигментное покрытие
plasma arc coating — покрытие плазменной дугой
plasma jet coating — покрытие плазменной струёй
plasma-sprayed coating — покрытие плазменным напылением
plastic coating — пластмассовое покрытие
plastisol coating — пластизольное покрытие, покрытие поливинилхлоридной пастой
plated coating — 1) гальваническое покрытие 2) электролитическое [электроосаждённое] покрытие
platinum coating — покрытие платиной; платинирование
polyamide coating — полиамидное покрытие
polyamide-epoxy coating — полиамидо-эпоксидное покрытие
polyester coating — полиэфирное покрытие
polyimide coating — полиимидное покрытие
polymeric coating — полимерное покрытие
polysulfide coating — полисульфидное покрытие (устойчивое к солнечному свету, окислению и различным погодным условиям; получают обработкой хлорированного полиэфира неорганическими полисульфидами)
polysulfide-epoxy coating — полисульфидно-эпоксидное покрытие
polyurethane coating — полиуретановое покрытие
polyvinyl-acetal coating — поливинил-ацетальное покрытие
polyvinyl-chloride coating — поливинилхлоридное покрытие
PVC coating — поливинилхлоридное покрытие
pore-free coating — непористое покрытие
porous coating — пористое покрытие
powder coating — покрытие порошком
preapplied coating — грунтовка (первый наносимый слой на подготовленную к окраске поверхность для создания надёжного сцепления верхних слоёв покрытия с окрашиваемой поверхностью)
protective coating — защитное покрытие
protective corrosion coating — противокоррозионное покрытие
pyrolytic coating — пиролитическое покрытие
pyrolytic-carbon coating — пироуглеродное покрытие, покрытие из пироуглерода
pyrolytic-graphite coating — пирографитовое покрытие
radiative coating — теплоизлучающее покрытие
rain-erosion-resistant coating — покрытие, стойкое к дождевой эрозии
rare-earth oxide coating — покрытие редкоземельным окислом
rare-metal coating — покрытие редкоземельным металлом
reflective coating — отражающее [отражательное] покрытие
refractory coating — тугоплавкое [огнеупорное] покрытие
reinforced coating — покрытие армированным материалом
reinforced ceramic coating — армированное керамическое покрытие
resin coating — 1) покрытие смолой 2) лаковая смола
Rockide coating — покрытие «Рокайд» ( тугоплавкое окисное покрытие)
Rockide-A coating — тугоплавкое покрытие на основе окиси алюминия
Rockide-C coating — тугоплавкое покрытие на основе окиси хрома
Rockide-Z coating — тугоплавкое покрытие на основе двуокиси циркония
rubber coating — 1) покрытие на основе каучука 2) покрытие [обкладывание] резиной
sacrificial coating — расходуемое покрытие
self-bonded coating — самосвязывающееся покрытие
self-sacrificing coating — разрушающееся покрытие
semitransparent coating — полупрозрачное покрытие
sherardized coating — покрытие цинком, шерардизация
silica coating — покрытие на основе двуокиси кремния
silicide coating — силицидное покрытие
silicide diffusion coating — диффузионное силицидное покрытие
silicon coating — кремниевое покрытие
silicon-carbide coating — покрытие карбидом кремния
silicone coating — кремнийорганическое [силиконовое] покрытие
silicone-ceramic coating — покрытие на основе кремнийорганического соединения и керамики, силиконо-керамическое покрытие
silicone-rubber coating — 1) кремнекаучуковое покрытие 2) покрытие силиконовой резиной
siliconized coating — силицированное покрытие
silicon-nitride coating — покрытие нитридом кремния
silicon-oxide coating — покрытие двуокисью кремния
single-element coating — однородное покрытие
sintered coating — покрытие спеканием
slurry coating — покрытие шламом
spacecraft optical coating — оптическое покрытие космического аппарата
space-stable thermal control coating — терморегулируемое покрытие, устойчивое в условиях космоса
spinel coating — шпинелевое покрытие
sprayed coating — покрытие напылением, напыляемое покрытие
spraying coating — покрытие напылением, напыляемое покрытие
sputtering coating — напыляемое покрытие, покрытие напылением
stable paint coating — покрытие устойчивой краской
strip coating — съёмное покрытие
sulfide coating — сульфидное покрытие
sull coating — покрытие оксидной плёнкой
tailored coating — покрытие с заданными характеристиками [свойствами]
tailor-made coating — покрытие с заданными характеристиками [свойствами]
tantalum coating — покрытие танталом
tantalum-carbide coating — покрытие карбидом тантала
temperature control coating — терморегулируемое покрытие
temperature-resistant coating — теплостойкое покрытие
temperature-sensitive coating — температуро-чувствительное покрытие
terne coating — 1) покрытие оловянно-свинцовым сплавом 2) лужение 3) освинцовывание
thermal-barrier coating — термозащитное [теплозащитное] покрытие
thermal control coating — терморегулируемое покрытие
thermal diffusion coating — термодиффузионное покрытие
thermal-protective coating — теплозащитное покрытие
thermal shock-resistant coating — стойкое к тепловому удару покрытие
thermoplastic powder coating — покрытие из термопластического порошка
thermosetting-powder coating — покрытие термореактивным порошком
thin polymer coating — тонкое полимерное покрытие
thoriated-tungsten coating — покрытие торированным вольфрамом
thorium-oxide coating — покрытие двуокисью тория
tin coating — 1) оловянное покрытие, полуда 2) лужение
titanium coating — 1) титановое покрытие 2) титанирование
titanium-boride coating — покрытие боридом титана
titanium-carbide coating — покрытие карбидом титана
titanium-diboride coating — покрытие диборидом титана
titanium-nitride coating — покрытие нитридом титана
titanium-oxide coating — покрытие окисью титана
translucent coating — просвечивающее [прозрачное] покрытие
transparent coating — прозрачное [просвечивающее] покрытие
tungsten coating — 1) вольфрамовое покрытие 2) вольфрамирование
tungsten-carbide coating — покрытие карбидом вольфрама
two-component reactive coating — двухкомпонентное реактивное покрытие
ultraviolet reflective coating — покрытие, отражающее ультрафиолетовые лучи
urea coating — мочевинное [карбамидное] покрытие
urethane coating — уретановое покрытие
vacuum coating — покрытие, наносимое в вакууме
vacuum deposited coating — покрытие осаждением в вакууме
vacuum-evaporated coating — покрытие испарением ( металла) в вакууме
vacuum-metallized coating — покрытие металлизацией в вакууме
vacuum-sputtering coating — покрытие распылением в вакууме
vacuum-vapor coating — покрытие в вакууме осаждением из паровой [газовой] фазы
vanadium coating — 1) покрытие ванадием 2) ванадирование
vanadium-boride coating — покрытие боридом ванадия
vapor-deposited coating — покрытие осаждением из паровой фазы, покрытие газофазным осаждением
vapor-deposition coating — покрытие осаждением из паровой фазы, покрытие газофазным осаждением
vinyl coating — виниловое покрытие
vitreous coating — стекловидное покрытие
water-repellent coating — водоотталкивающее покрытие
wear-resistant coating — износостойкое покрытие
white thermal control coating — терморегулируемое белое покрытие
yttrium-oxide coating — покрытие окисью иттрия
zinc coating — цинковое покрытие, оцинковка, цинкование
zinc-oxide-potassium-silicate coating — покрытие из окиси цинка и силиката калия
zinc-phosphate coating — покрытие фосфатом цинка
zinc-silicate coating — покрытие силикатом цинка
zircon coating — покрытие цирконом
zirconia coating — покрытие двуокисью циркония
zirconium coating — покрытие цирконием
zirconium-boride coating — покрытие боридом циркония
zirconium-carbide coating — покрытие карбидом циркония
zirconium-oxide coating — покрытие двуокисью циркония
English-Russian dictionary of aviation and space materials > coating
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19 composite
1. композиционный материал, композиция, композит (see also composition and compound)2. смесь3. композиционный, составной, сложныйablating composite — абляционный композиционный материал
ablative composite — абляционный композиционный материал
ablative elastomer composite — абляционный композиционный эластомерный материал, композиционный эластомер с абляционными свойствами
advanced composite — перспективный композиционный материал
aircraft composite — авиационный композиционный материал
aligned composite — упорядоченный композиционный материал
all-metal composite — цельнометаллический композиционный материал
alumina-base composite — композиционный материал на основе окиси алюминия
alumina-whisker-nickel-fiber composite — композиционный материал из нитевидных кристаллов сапфира и нитей никеля
aluminum-alumina composite — композиционный материал из алюминия, упрочнённого окисью алюминия
aluminum-alumina whisker composite — композиционный материал из алюминия, армированного нитевидными кристаллами сапфира
aluminum-aluminum-nickelide composite — композиционный материал из алюминия и никелида алюминия
aluminum-aluminum-oxide sandwich composite — композиционный слоистый материал из алюминия, упрочнённого окисью алюминия
aluminum-beryllium composite — композиционный материал из алюминия и бериллия
aluminum-graphite composite — алюминиево-графитовый композиционный материал
aluminum matrix composite — композиционный материал с алюминиевой матрицей
aluminum-stainless-steel composite — композиционный материал из алюминия и нержавеющей стали
aluminum-steel-wire composite — композиционный материал на основе алюминия, армированного стальной проволокой
aluminum wool alumina-whisker composite — композиционный материал на основе алюминия, упрочнённого ватой из нитевидных кристаллов сапфира
armor composite — композиционная броня
beryllium-wire aluminum alloy matrix composite — композиционный материал с матрицей из алюминиевого сплава, армированного бериллиевой проволокой
beryllium-wire ероху composite — эпоксипласт, армированный бериллиевой проволокой; эпоксидный бериллепластик
beryllium-wire plastic composite — композиционный материал на основе пластмассы, армированный бериллиевой проволокой; бериллепластик
biaxially oriented composite — композиционный материал, ориентированный в двух направлениях
boron aluminum alloy matrix composite — композиционный материал на основе матрицы из алюминиевого сплава и борволокнистого наполнителя
boron-epoxy composite — эпоксидный боропластик
boron fibrous composite — композиционный материал на основе борволокна
boron filament composite — композиционный материал на основе борволокна
boron-metal composite — борметаллический композиционный материал
boron-nickel composite — борникелевый композиционный материал
boron-organic composite — борорганический композиционный материал
boron-reinforced polyimide composite — полиимидный пластик, армированный борволокном; полиимидный боропластик
boron-reinforced resin composite — боропластик
borsic-aluminum composite — композиционный материал из алюминия, армированного волокном борсика
borsic-titanium-aluminum composite — алюминиево-титановый композиционный материал, армированный волокном борсика
carbon base fabric reinforced composite — 1) композиционный материал, армированный углеродной тканью 2) углетекстолит
carbon-carbon composite — композиция углерод-углерод
carbon-cloth composite — 1) композиционный материал на основе углеродной ткани 2) углетекстолит
carbon-epoxy composite — эпоксидный углепластик
carbon-fabric composite — 1) композиционный материал на основе углеродной ткани 2) углетекстолит
carbon-fabric-reinforced ероху plastic composite — эпоксипласт, армированный углеродной тканью; эпоксидный углетекстолит
carbon-fabric-reinforced phenolic plastic composite — фенопласт, армированный углеродной тканью; фенольный углетекстолит
carbon-fiber ероху composite — эпоксидный углепластик
carbon-fiber-reinforced resin composite — пластмассовый композиционный материал, армированный углеродным волокном
carbon-filament-reinforced resin composite — пластмассовый композиционный материал, армированный углеродным волокном
carbon-fiber-metal composite — композиционный материал на основе металла, армированного углеродным волокном
carbon-polyimide composite — полиимидный углепластик
cellular sandwich composite — композиционный слоистый материал с сотовым заполнителем
ceramic composite — керамический композиционный материал, композиционная керамика
ceramic-fiber-metal composite — металл, армированный керамическим волокном
ceramic-matrix composite — композиционный материал на основе керамической матрицы
ceramic-metal composite — металлокерамический композиционный материал [композиция]
ceramic-whisker composite — композиционный материал, армированный керамическими нитевидными кристаллами
charred plastic composite — обугленный пластмассовый композиционный материал
charring phenolic composite — обугливающийся композиционный фенопласт
clad metal composite — композиционный плакированный металл
cobalt-base superalloy matrix composite — композиционный материал с матрицей из сверхпрочного кобальта
cobalt-thornel composite — композиционный материал на основе кобальта, армированного графитовым волокном «торнел»
columbium-columbium carbide eutectic composite — эвтектический композиционный материал из ниобия и карбида ниобия
continuous-fiber composite — композиционный материал, армированный непрерывным волокном
copper-alumina dispersion strengthened composite — композиционный материал из меди, дисперсно-упрочнённой окисью алюминия
copper-infiltrated tungsten composite — 1) композиционный материал на основе вольфрама, пропитанного медью 2) вольфрам, пропитанный медью
copper-tungsten particle composite — композиционный материал из меди и вольфрамовых частиц
3-D composite — композиционный материал с трёхмерной ориентацией наполнителя
deformable particulate composite — деформируемый композиционный материал, армированный частицами
discontinuous fiber reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный коротким [штапельным] волокном
dispersoid composite — композиционный материал, упрочнённый дисперсными частицами
ductile-matrix composite — композиционный материал с пластичной матрицей
ероху fiber-glass composite — эпоксидный стеклопластик
eutectic-alloy composite — эвтектический композиционный материал, эвтектика
explosive-bonded composite — композиционный материал, полученный методом взрыва
explosive-bonded wire-reinforced sheet composite — листовой композиционный материал, армированный проволокой методом взрыва
fabric-reinforced plastic composite — композиционный пластик, армированный тканью; текстолит
fibered composite — волокнистый композиционный материал, волокнит
fiber-glass ероху filament wound composite — эпоксидный стеклопластик, полученный методом намотки нити
fiber-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный волокном
fiber-reinforced sintered composite — спечённый композиционный материал, армированный волокном
fibrous composite — волокнистый композиционный материал
fibrous-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный волокном
fibrous-reinforced filamentary composite — композиционный материал, армированный волокном
filamentary composite — волокнистый композиционный материал, волокнит
filament-wound composite — композиционный материал, полученный намоткой волокна; намоточная композиция
filled polymer composite — композиционный материал с полимерным наполнителем
flake composite — композиционный материал, армированный чешуйками
fluorocarbon composite — фторуглеродистый композиционный материал
glass composite — стеклокомпозиционный материал, стеклокомпозиция
glass-fiber composite — стеклопластик
glass-flake-reinforced resin composite — композиционный пластик, армированный стеклянными чешуйками
glass-plastic composite — стеклопластик
glass-polymer composite — стеклопластик
glass-reinforced thermoplastic composite — термопластичный стеклопластик
glass-reinforcing thermosetting composite — термореактивный стеклопластик
glass-resin composite — стеклопластик
graphite-base refractory composite — огнеупорный композиционный материал на основе графита
graphite-epoxy composite — эпоксидный графитопластик
graphite-fabric-reinforced plastic composite — пластик, армированный графитовой тканью; графито-текстолит
graphite-fiber ероху resin matrix composite — эпоксидный графитопластик
graphite-fiber reinforced ероху resin matrix composite — композиционный материал с матрицей из эпоксидной смолы, армированной графитовым волокном; эпоксидный графитопластик
graphite-filament-reinforced epoxy composite — эпоксипласт, армированный графитовым волокном
heat-resistant composite — теплостойкий композиционный материал
heat-shield composite — теплозащитный композиционный материал
high-heat resistant composite — жаростойкий композиционный материал
high-modulus composite — высокомодульный композиционный материал
high-performance composite — композиционный материал с высокими характеристиками
high-strength composite — высокопрочный композиционный материал
high-temperature composite — высокотемпературный [жаропрочный] композиционный материал
high-whisker volume composite — композиционный материал, армированный большим количеством ( по объёму) нитевидных кристаллов
hollow glass-fiber composite — композиция из полого стекловолокна
honycomb composite — композиционный материал с сотовым заполнителем
hot-pressed composite — горячепрессованный композиционный материал
hypereutectic composite — заэвтектическая композиция
inert-filler composite — композиция с инертным наполнителем
infiltrated composite — пропитанный композиционный материал
lamellar composite — слоистый композиционный материал
laminated composite — слоистый композиционный материал
layered composite — слоистый композиционный материал
light-alloy matrix composite — композиционный материал на основе матрицы из лёгкого сплава
liquid-phase sintered composite — композиционный материал, полученный спеканием через жидкую фазу
low-void polyimide composite — полиимидный композиционный материал с малой пористостью
material composite — композиционный материал
metal composite — металлический композиционный материал
metal-ceramic composite — металлокерамический композиционный материал
metal-fiber composite — металловолокнистый композиционный материал
metal-filled metal composite — композиционный материал из металлической матрицы с металлическим наполнителем
metal flake composite — композиционный материал, упрочнённый металлическими чешуйками
metal-impregnated graphite composite — композиционный материал из графита, пропитанного металлом
metallic matrix composite — композиционный материал с металлической матрицей
metal-metal composite — композиция металл-металл
metal-oxide composite — металло-окисный композиционный материал, композиция из металла и окисла
metal oxide dispersion composite — композиционный материал из металла, упрочнённого дисперсными частицами окисла
mica-flake composite — композиционный материал, упрочнённый слюдяными чешуйками
molded composite — 1) прессованный композиционный материал 2) пластмасса 3) волокнит
multifunctional laminate composite — многофункциональный слоистый композиционный материал
multilayer radiation-shield composite — многослойный композиционный материал для защиты от радиации
nondeformable particulate composite — композиционный материал, армированный недеформируемыми частицами
nonmetallic composite — неметаллический композиционный материал
nonmetallic fibrous reinforced metal composite — композиционный материал на основе металла, армированного неметаллическим волокном
nonmetallic-nonmetallic composite — композиционный материал на основе неметаллической матрицы с неметаллическим наполнителем
nylon-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный найлоном
organic matrix composite — композиционный материал с органической матрицей
oriented-fibrous composite — композиционный материал с ориентированными волокнами
oriented-whisker composite — композиционный материал с ориентированными нитевидными кристаллами
oxidation-resistant graphite base composite — композиционный материал на основе графита, стойкий к окислению
particle-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный частицами
passive transpiration cooled high-heat resistance composite — жаропрочный композиционный материал с пассивным испарительным охлаждением
phenolic composite — фенольная композиция [компаунд]
photoelastic composite — композиционный материал с фотоупругими свойствами
plasma sprayed alumina-titania composite — композиционный материал из плазменно-напылённых окислов алюминия и титана
plastic composite — композиция на основе полимеров, композиционный пластик
Pluton-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный углеродным волокном марки «плутон»
polyester fiber-glass composite — полиэфирный стеклопластик
polyimide composite — композиционный материал на основе полиимида
polyisobutylene-glass-bead composite — композиционный материал из полиизобутилена и стеклянных шариков
polyphenylene composite — композиционный полифениленопласт
polyphenylene-carbon-reinforced composite — полифениленовый углепластик
powder-phenolic-nylon composite — композиционный материал из фенольного порошка и найлона
pressed-foil composite — композиционный материал из прессованной фольги
pseudo-isotropic composite — псевдоизотропный композиционный материал
refractory composite — 1) тугоплавкий композиционный материал 2) огнеупорная смесь
refractory-containing composite — композиция, содержащая тугоплавкий материал
reinforced composite — упрочнённый [армированный] композиционный материал
reinforced-metal composite — композиционный материал, армированный металлом
resin matrix composite — композиционный материал на основе смоляной матрицы, композиционный пластик
resin-rubber composite — композиционный материал из смолы и каучука
sandwich-type composite — композиционный слоистый материал с заполнителем, композиционный материал типа «сандвич»
shaped-fiber composite — композиционный материал с профильными волокнами
single crystal flake reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный монокристаллическими чешуйками
stainless-steel-duralumin composite — композиционный материал на основе дуралюмина и нержавеющей стали; дуралюмии, упрочнённый нержавеющей сталью
structural composite — конструкционный композиционный материал
tailor-made composite — композиционный материал с заданными свойствами
tape-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный лентой
thermally stable resin composite — термически устойчивый композиционный пластик [материал на основе смолы]
thermal shock-resistant composite — композиционный материал, стойкий к термическому удару
thermoplastic composite — термопластичный композиционный материал, композиционный термопластик
thermosetting composite — термореактивный композиционный материал; композиционный термореактивный пластик
three-phase glass-bubble composite — трёхфазный композиционный материал с наполнителем из стеклосфер [стеклошариков]
time-dependent composite — композиционный материал с изменяющимися по времени свойствами
two-phase composite — двухфазная композиция
unidirectional composite — однонаправленный композиционный материал
whisker composite — композиционный материал на основе нитевидных кристаллов [усов]
wood-plastic composite — композиционный древопластик
woven fabric composite — композиционный материал из плетёной ткани
English-Russian dictionary of aviation and space materials > composite
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20 conductor
1) проводник2) провод; кабель4) молниеотвод7) нефт. направление (обсадная колонна или труба)•-
ACSR conductor
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aerial conductors
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alumoweld conductor
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ampere conductors
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bare conductor
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bimetallic conductor
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branch conductor
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bunched conductor
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bundled conductor
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bundle conductor
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buried conductor
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cable conductor
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cage conductor
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coaxial conductor
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composite conductor
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concenttic-lay conductor
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contact conductor
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copper conductor
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copper-weld conductor
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electrical conductor
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electric conductor
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electrolytic conductor
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electronic conductor
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expanded conductor
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face conductors
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first class conductor
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flexible conductor
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flush conductor
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grounded conductor
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grounding conductor
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heat conductor
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hidden conductors
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hollow conductor
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hump conductor
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inner conductor
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insulated conductor
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ionic conductor
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leakage conductor
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light conductor
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lightning conductor
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line conductor
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live conductor
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low-dimensional conductor
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magnetic conductor
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neutral conductor
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open conductor
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optical conductor
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overhead conductor
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phase conductor
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phase-screened conductor
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plain conductor
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protective conductor
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resistive conductor
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return conductor
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ribbon conductor
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rigid conductors
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round conductor
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rubber conductor
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screened conductor
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second class conductor
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self-damping conductor
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shaft conductor
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shielded conductor
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solid conductor
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split conductor
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square conductor
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steel conductor
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steel-aluminum conductor
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stranded conductor
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stripline conductor
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strip conductor
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thermal conductor
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third-rail conductor
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tubular conductor
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twin conductor
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
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